Comparisons across microarchitectures
Frontend
Branch Prediction
| uArch | L1 BTB | L2 BTB | L3 BTB | ITA | RAS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMD Zen 1 | 8 (0 bubble) | 256 (1 bubble) | 4096 (4 bubble) | 512 | 32 |
| AMD Zen 2 | 16 (0 bubble) | 512 (1 bubble) | 7168 (4 bubble) | 1024 | 32 |
| AMD Zen 3 | 1024 (0 bubble) | 6656 (3 bubble) | 1536 | 2x32 | |
| AMD Zen 4 | 1536 (0 bubble) | 7186/7680 (3 bubble) | 3072 | 2x32 | |
| AMD Zen 5 | 16384 (0 bubble) | 8192 (8 bubble) | 3072 | 2x52 | |
| Ampere One | 256 (0 bubble) | 8192 (2 bubble) | |||
| Apple Avalanche | 1024 | 3072 | 192KB L1 IC | ||
| Apple Firestorm | 1024 | 192KB L1 IC | 50 | ||
| ARM Cortex-X1 | 96 | 8192 | 16 | ||
| ARM Cortex-X2 | |||||
| ARM Cortex-X3 | |||||
| ARM Cortex-X4 | |||||
| ARM Cortex-X925 | |||||
| Intel Crestmont | 1024 | 6144 | |||
| Intel Golden Cove | 128 | 6144 | 12288 | 20 | |
| Intel Gracemont | 1024 | 5120 | |||
| Intel Lion Cove | |||||
| Intel Redwood Cove | |||||
| Intel Skymont | |||||
| Intel Sunny Cove | 256 | 5120 | 22 | ||
| Qualcomm Oryon | 2048 | 192KB L1 IC | 50 |
L1 ICache + ITLB
| uArch | L1 IC | L1 ITLB | L2 ITLB |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMD Zen 1 | 4-way 64KB | 64 | 512 |
| AMD Zen 2 | 8-way 32KB | 64 | 512 |
| AMD Zen 3 | 8-way 32KB | 64 | 512 |
| AMD Zen 4 | 8-way 32KB | 64 | 512 |
| AMD Zen 5 | 8-way 32KB | 64 | 2048 |
| Ampere One | 4-way 16KB | 64 | 768 |
| Apple Avalanche | 192KB | ||
| Apple Firestorm | 192KB | ||
| ARM Cortex-X1 | 4-way 64KB | 48 | |
| ARM Cortex-X2 | 4-way 64KB | 48 | |
| ARM Cortex-X3 | 4-way 64KB | 48 | |
| ARM Cortex-X4 | 4-way 64KB | 48 | |
| ARM Cortex-X925 | 4-way 64KB | 128 | |
| Intel Crestmont | 8-way 64KB | 64 | |
| Intel Golden Cove | 8-way 32KB | 256 | |
| Intel Gracemont | 8-way 64KB | 64 | |
| Intel Lion Cove | |||
| Intel Redwood Cove | 64KB | ||
| Intel Skymont | 64KB | 128 | |
| Intel Sunny Cove | 8-way 32KB | 128 | |
| Qualcomm Oryon | 6-way 192KB | 256 |
Move Elimination / Zeroing Idiom / Ones Idiom
| Pattern\uArch | Oryon | Firestorm | Golden Cove | Cortex X1 | Zen 3 | Sunny Cove | Zen 1-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # ALU | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| # Dispatch | 8 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Dep int add | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Indep int add | 6.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Dep int mov | 1.2 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| Indep int mov | 8.0 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| Dep zero via xor | 1.0 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 4.0 |
| Dep zero via sub | 1.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 4.0 |
| Indep set zero via mov | 6.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.0 |
| Indep set one via mov | 6.0 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Indep set two via mov | 6.0 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Indep set 1024 via mov | 6.0 | 7.8 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Vec dep mov | 0.6 | 0.6 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
| Vec indep mov | 8.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 |
| Vec dep set zero via xor | 0.5 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 |
| Vec dep set zero via sub | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.3 |
| Vec indep set zero via mov | 4.0 | 8.0 | N/A | 6.0 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Nop | 8.0 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 |
- Bold: Not executed by ALU/FPU, eliminated at rename stage
- Italics: Executed by ALU/FPU, but source register dependency was removed so that dependent ops can be executed in parallel
- Although Cortex-X1 has 8 dispatch width, but it has many limitations on instruction type
Backend
ROB
| uArch | ROB |
|---|---|
| AMD Zen 1 | 192 |
| AMD Zen 2 | 224 |
| AMD Zen 3 | 256 |
| AMD Zen 4 | 320 |
| AMD Zen 5 | 448 |
| Ampere One | 208 |
| Apple Avalanche | 274 Group |
| Apple Firestorm | 330 Group |
| ARM Cortex-X1 | 224 MOP |
| ARM Cortex-X2 | 288 MOP |
| ARM Cortex-X3 | 230 MOP |
| ARM Cortex-X4 | 384 MOP |
| ARM Cortex-X925 | ? |
| Intel Crestmont | 256 |
| Intel Golden Cove | 512 |
| Intel Gracemont | 256 |
| Intel Lion Cove | 576 |
| Intel Redwood Cove | 512 |
| Intel Skymont | 416 |
| Intel Sunny Cove | 352 |
| Qualcomm Oryon | 680 |
LSU
| uArch | 64b Load | 64b Store | 128b Load | 128b Store | 256b Load | 256b Store |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zen2 | 2/cycle | 1/cycle | 2/cycle | 1/cycle | 2/cycle | 1/cycle |
| Zen4 | 3/cycle | 2/cycle | 2/cycle | 1/cycle | 2/cycle | 1/cycle |
| Golden Cove | 3/cycle | 2/cycle | 3/cycle | 2/cycle | 3/cycle | 2/cycle |
| Firestorm | 3/cycle | 2/cycle | 3/cycle | 2/cycle | 1.5/cycle | 1/cycle |
| Oryon | 4/cycle | 2/cycle | 4/cycle | 2/cycle | 2/cycle | 1/cycle |
Execution Unit
| uArch | ALU units | Branch units | FP/Vec units |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMD Zen 1 | 4 | 2 | 4x 128b |
| AMD Zen 2 | 4 | 2 | 4x 256b |
| AMD Zen 3 | 4 | 2 | 4x 256b |
| AMD Zen 4 | 4 | 2 | 4x 256b |
| AMD Zen 5 | 6 | 3 | 4x 512b |
| Ampere One | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Apple Avalanche | 6 | 2 | 4x 128b |
| Apple Firestorm | 6 | 2 | 4x 128b |
| ARM Cortex-X1 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| ARM Cortex-X2 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| ARM Cortex-X3 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| ARM Cortex-X4 | 8 | 3 | 4 |
| ARM Cortex-X925 | 8 | 3 | 6 |
| Intel Crestmont | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Intel Golden Cove | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Intel Gracemont | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Intel Lion Cove | 6 | 3 | 4x 256b |
| Intel Redwood Cove | 5 | 2 | 3x 256b |
| Intel Skymont | 8 | 3 | 4x 128b |
| Intel Sunny Cove | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Qualcomm Oryon | 6 | 2 | 4x 128b |
Comparison between microarchitectures
Firestorm vs Oryon
| Apple Firestorm | Qualcomm Oryon | |
|---|---|---|
| L1 BTB | 1024 | 2048 |
| L2 BTB | 192KB L1 IC | 192KB L1 IC |
| RAS | 50 | 50 |
| L1 IC | 192KB | 6-way 192KB |
| Decode width | 8 | 8 |
| Rename width | 8 | 8 |
| ROB | 330 Group | 680 |
| Branch units | 2 | 2 |
| ALU units | 6 | 6 |
| FP/Vec units | 4x 128b | 4x 128b |
| Load/Store pipes | 1 | 2 |
| Load-only pipes | 2 | 2 |
| Store-only pipes | 1 | 0 |
Cortex-X series
| Cortex-X1 | Cortex-X2 | Cortex-X3 | Cortex-X4 | Cortex-X925 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALU units | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 |
| Branch units | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Load/Store pipes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Load-only pipes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Store-only pipes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| ROB | 224 MOP | 288 MOP | 230 MOP | 384 MOP | ? |
| Decode width | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
| Rename width | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 |
| Max Load | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Max Store | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Max Load+Store | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |